Writing is an essential knowledge nowadays. As we known, the Westernize tend to control the whole world and they assume that writing is one of their most valuable weapon. By empowering this knowledge, perhaps, it may help us to avoid indoctrination from their tip of the ballpoint.
First and foremost, for you who read this section, I would like to inform you that writing a good term papers in psychology subject will be more effective if you assume yourself as a psychiatrist, counselor or any job related to psychology. For example, if the students are given a task to present about the chapter of “lifespan”, a case study must be asserted. Why? Because psychology is a “study of human behavior and mental process”. How can you explain those chapters if you don’t know how to imagine the situation?
In psychology, the study of human behavior plays an important role to the development of the society. So, same things go to writing significant in this field. People tend to know about themselves first, before moving on to contribute their expertise to the society.
For an initial, I would like to define the term “writing”.
DEFINITION OF WRITING/REPORTS
According to Dr. Rahmat Ghazali (2008), writing also can bring various means in order to present a conversation of ideas, thoughts, and opinions towards an issue.
A Response of Experience
Do you know the purpose of diary? Human beings, especially who think hardly and sensitive with their surroundings, keep writing their experience all along their life. It is just like a social act. We write a report because we are reacting to something, someone, or other piece of languages that we read before.
Presenting a linear of ideas
Grammar, logic, or flow is the best term to define an above sub topic. While researchers are reacting to their surroundings, the process of writing should be conducted reasonably and effectively. Readers will be more attracted with the words and ideas that are properly ordered up on the page. The confidence of the psychology reports should be exposed to make readers believe that a particular idea present by the researchers is commonly true.
A Process of Review, Rewrite, and Refine
As researchers write, they constantly rewrite. Unconsciously, the process of juggling, choosing, deleting, and choosing again a words define the process of review, rewrite, and refine. Without review, or review our previous words, they unconsciously ignored to comprehend our readers through an effective languages. The vital part will be shaping our ideas to the easiest ways for the readers to understand or in other words, it is called refining their ideas.
A Decision Making
Researchers, commonly decide many things when they write. In psychology world, this process is complex, full of discoveries, strengthen and despair their mind as the human behavior is extremely different among human beings. Making decision about words, and ideas can be a messy, interesting, or confusing experience and it resulted in something mysterious.
THE PURPOSE OF REPORTS
Some may use the term objective or the goal of the report itself. Psychiatrist will deal with the four common goal of psychology which is described, explain, predict and control. The most important part will be the last one which is to control. Imagine how committed for a Muslim psychiatrist are when they are writing a reports to control the numbers of divorces cases among society?
Principally, Kineavy (1971) stated that a purpose of writings a report consists of:
Informative Reports
This is the main purpose of writing. Informing readers and usually to explain a situation. After an observation had been made by the psychiatrist, the public or the patient must be informed about the circumstances. This does not mean that psychiatrist needs to disclose the identity of their patient. It is just the particular situation that may benefit the public. It is also known as an expository report.
Even though the main goal is to educate or inform the readers, partially, reports in psychology tend to persuade audience to some attitude, beliefs, or behavior with intention to rectify immorality among human beings. Informative in this context may be referred to an empirical data such as the statistics of the researcher’s observation or the consequences of behaving corruptly.
Persuasive Reports
Persuasive writing is strongly argumentative and for that reason it is also described as argumentative writing (Rahmat:2008). Psychiatrist deals with their knowledge in psychoanalysis in order to describe a particular behavior. Their expertise in the study of mind process must be exposed. How it can be argumentative?
Audiences, who did not have a formal education in psychology, may explain the situation differently from the educated one. This is where the argumentative reports play it roles. Psychiatrist may ask several questions to decline the claim from the public through the facts, or research that they obtain along their career as a psychiatrist. Persuasive reports may change audience perspective as they are informed with a verified data.
Can you see now how both informative and persuasive reports occupy its function now? It’s merely depending on each other.
BASIC TECHNIQUES
Write Simply
This is the key of transparency in a report. Some people said that, writers were gifted. No, many writers are not gifted such as the flying Superman. Practices determine this situation. Simple and meaningful reports resulted in gigantic response to the readers. This style may applicable towards anyone who begin in any career as they take writings as their everyday’s routines.
Use Simple Word and Simple Sentences
The purpose in this technique is basically to make our reports more understandable. To avoid any confusion from the readers, researchers should write their reports in a simple word, straight to the point, without using luxury words that need people with high vocabulary to identify their ideas. For example:
• Learn – Ascertain
I ascertained that he was completely traumatic because of the accident
I learned that he was completely traumatic because of the accident.
• List – Enumerate
Can you enumerate all the students who are smoking?
Can you list all the students who are smoking?
Eliminate Jargon, and Clichés
The knowledge that needs to be separate should be commonly understood by all the people. Psychology field is not just for the psychiatrist, or counselor to understand to. Commoners also can utilize the information gain from psychology reports in order to improve their everyday’s life. Good reports does not make a cut off readers where the reports is only can be understand by the experts in particular field.
Do Not Use One Word More Than Necessary
It should be brief. In a report, a researcher uses too many words on motive. It brings a fancy phrase that may draw attention to the reports. The consequences will be, the reports will be out of the topic. The report should be in the content of what they are going to tell the audiences. Something need to be done with their grammar and vocabulary.
Vary Sentences Type and Length
By using a vary sentences type of length, the reports will be more attractive as it gives an enjoyable pace of readings. Psychology reports sometimes plays with high sensitive, scare, secret, and thrill issues. Readers must be allowed to “breath” when they are eager to know that kind of reports. Some information or ideas in psychology reports may extremely shock the readers. Their mind should be calmer when absorbing the reality of the results of the psychology analysis. Keeping their reading speed towards the reports is the best way to acknowledge them.
Pay Attention to Nouns and Verbs
In a reports, nouns and verbs is the most strongest words. Psychology reports should implement an accurate adjective or adverb because psychology is the study of human behavior. The observer will use verb and noun to explain what had been observe in specific situation. In reports where they need to describe the situation, failure of using an accurate verb and noun will bring their reports unclear. Even worse, readers will misjudge the situation and assuming that the psychiatrist failed to explain the situation same as their interpretation about the situation.
AN OVERALL PROCESS
Reports needs to be organized properly in advance before translated it onto a piece of paper or type it on the keyboard’s surfaces. Planning makes perfect. Without those below steps, a report seems to be unorganized, messy, and unattractive. This situation leads to the boredom, jaded and passive response from the readers.
Cicarelli and Noland (2009) stating 8 steps in order for practitioner to write a complete paper work.
Choosing a Topic
Wide topic indicates an improper paperwork. Choosing a suitable narrowest topic, in psychology case, specific situation of human behavior will primarily attract the audience who experienced the same situation. This is more effective rather than choosing a topic or situation that is widely known by the others. By selecting a reasonable time, space or surroundings, it may help the psychiatrist to be more specific in their research.
For example, the topic of “Focusing on a Task given during at Home” is most specific rather than “Focusing on a Task Given”. This headline of the research may be more benefited as different people tend to select their most comfortable places when doing their task. Either at home, or other places, let themselves to choose. Or, psychiatrist may implement their expertise to explain the most efficient time for a public to focus on their task at home. Some people are very fussy with their time management approaches.
Do the Research
The most vital part after choosing a topic will be this portion. An expansion of information sources will give the researchers wider opinion towards same situation. An encyclopedia, books, internet, survey, interviews, statistics, and other resources will strengthen their reports afterwards. As a matter of fact, there is a massive information which had been uploaded into the internet (Rahmat:2008). All researchers have to do, is selecting what they wanted from it.
Take Note
Cicarelli and Noland (2009) suggest their readers to make a note cards. References can be written on the other surfaces of the cards to make us easier during scripting our reports. Some people tend to use separate cards to record both information and the sources. It depends to researchers to determine which one they are going to used. An attention should be highlighted that the most common style for psychology reports will be an APA (American Psychological Association) styles.
Decide on Thesis
This section had been explained before in “The Purpose of Reports”. Thesis may defined as the primary target of the goal of the reports. It may become either informative or persuasive. Sometimes, it works together when psychiatrist tend to achieve the four goals of psychology which is described, explain, predict and control.
Writing an Outline
In other words, it is called a framework. Others define it as a “road map” of how the reports will be present. It is just like when we see at the “Contents” page of the book. An author divides their information into a various chapters, topics, subtopics with intention to organize all the data into most understandable figure. Researchers also use the same method when they describing, explaining, predicting and controlling the human behavior.
Write a First Draft
Plagiarizing is copying information from sources without stating that it is a quotation but instead letting it seems as if it is something that you wrote yourself (Cicarelli, Noland:2009). All students or psychiatrist need to do is trying to create and build up their own sentences to define the particular ideas that they gain from their research.
Let it Sit
The process of rechecking the reports will be easier when using this method. “Sit” here, means ignored it for a few days without touch it. This method allowed writers to incubate their ideas. Incubates refers to giving your ideas time to grow and develop (Rahmat:2008). It works when students, psychiatrist, and researchers may experience something else that has a connection with your progressing reports. Some parts may explain better, replace and edited by them.
Write a Revised Draft
Checking the citation is the last part in writing reports. This is to avoid any claim of plagiarizing from the instructor or lecturer. For a psychiatrist, they also will not be blame on copying others works when the reports fully published to the public.
References
1. Jim Sharp. (2004). Media, Culture and Communication : Report Writing retrieved on 6th February 2009 at http://mcs.qmuc.ac.uk/Reportwriting.htm
2. Rahmat Ghazali.(2008).Thinking and Writing Strategies. Shah Alam : UPENA
3. Cicarelli, S.K & White, N. J. (2009). Psychology. 2nd Edition. London : Prentice Hall.
First and foremost, for you who read this section, I would like to inform you that writing a good term papers in psychology subject will be more effective if you assume yourself as a psychiatrist, counselor or any job related to psychology. For example, if the students are given a task to present about the chapter of “lifespan”, a case study must be asserted. Why? Because psychology is a “study of human behavior and mental process”. How can you explain those chapters if you don’t know how to imagine the situation?
In psychology, the study of human behavior plays an important role to the development of the society. So, same things go to writing significant in this field. People tend to know about themselves first, before moving on to contribute their expertise to the society.
For an initial, I would like to define the term “writing”.
DEFINITION OF WRITING/REPORTS
A report could be described as a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body. Reports may be presented orally or in written form. In a report situations are analysed, conclusions drawn, alternatives considered and recommendations made. Reports are concise and have a specific structure. A good report is one you don't need to reread to understand the point. Modules which require you to write reports give you practice in presenting information in a way relevant to employment. (Jim Sharp, 2004).
According to Dr. Rahmat Ghazali (2008), writing also can bring various means in order to present a conversation of ideas, thoughts, and opinions towards an issue.
A Response of Experience
Do you know the purpose of diary? Human beings, especially who think hardly and sensitive with their surroundings, keep writing their experience all along their life. It is just like a social act. We write a report because we are reacting to something, someone, or other piece of languages that we read before.
Presenting a linear of ideas
Grammar, logic, or flow is the best term to define an above sub topic. While researchers are reacting to their surroundings, the process of writing should be conducted reasonably and effectively. Readers will be more attracted with the words and ideas that are properly ordered up on the page. The confidence of the psychology reports should be exposed to make readers believe that a particular idea present by the researchers is commonly true.
A Process of Review, Rewrite, and Refine
As researchers write, they constantly rewrite. Unconsciously, the process of juggling, choosing, deleting, and choosing again a words define the process of review, rewrite, and refine. Without review, or review our previous words, they unconsciously ignored to comprehend our readers through an effective languages. The vital part will be shaping our ideas to the easiest ways for the readers to understand or in other words, it is called refining their ideas.
A Decision Making
Researchers, commonly decide many things when they write. In psychology world, this process is complex, full of discoveries, strengthen and despair their mind as the human behavior is extremely different among human beings. Making decision about words, and ideas can be a messy, interesting, or confusing experience and it resulted in something mysterious.
THE PURPOSE OF REPORTS
Some may use the term objective or the goal of the report itself. Psychiatrist will deal with the four common goal of psychology which is described, explain, predict and control. The most important part will be the last one which is to control. Imagine how committed for a Muslim psychiatrist are when they are writing a reports to control the numbers of divorces cases among society?
Principally, Kineavy (1971) stated that a purpose of writings a report consists of:
Informative Reports
This is the main purpose of writing. Informing readers and usually to explain a situation. After an observation had been made by the psychiatrist, the public or the patient must be informed about the circumstances. This does not mean that psychiatrist needs to disclose the identity of their patient. It is just the particular situation that may benefit the public. It is also known as an expository report.
Even though the main goal is to educate or inform the readers, partially, reports in psychology tend to persuade audience to some attitude, beliefs, or behavior with intention to rectify immorality among human beings. Informative in this context may be referred to an empirical data such as the statistics of the researcher’s observation or the consequences of behaving corruptly.
Persuasive Reports
Persuasive writing is strongly argumentative and for that reason it is also described as argumentative writing (Rahmat:2008). Psychiatrist deals with their knowledge in psychoanalysis in order to describe a particular behavior. Their expertise in the study of mind process must be exposed. How it can be argumentative?
Audiences, who did not have a formal education in psychology, may explain the situation differently from the educated one. This is where the argumentative reports play it roles. Psychiatrist may ask several questions to decline the claim from the public through the facts, or research that they obtain along their career as a psychiatrist. Persuasive reports may change audience perspective as they are informed with a verified data.
Can you see now how both informative and persuasive reports occupy its function now? It’s merely depending on each other.
BASIC TECHNIQUES
Write Simply
This is the key of transparency in a report. Some people said that, writers were gifted. No, many writers are not gifted such as the flying Superman. Practices determine this situation. Simple and meaningful reports resulted in gigantic response to the readers. This style may applicable towards anyone who begin in any career as they take writings as their everyday’s routines.
Use Simple Word and Simple Sentences
The purpose in this technique is basically to make our reports more understandable. To avoid any confusion from the readers, researchers should write their reports in a simple word, straight to the point, without using luxury words that need people with high vocabulary to identify their ideas. For example:
• Learn – Ascertain
I ascertained that he was completely traumatic because of the accident
I learned that he was completely traumatic because of the accident.
• List – Enumerate
Can you enumerate all the students who are smoking?
Can you list all the students who are smoking?
Eliminate Jargon, and Clichés
The knowledge that needs to be separate should be commonly understood by all the people. Psychology field is not just for the psychiatrist, or counselor to understand to. Commoners also can utilize the information gain from psychology reports in order to improve their everyday’s life. Good reports does not make a cut off readers where the reports is only can be understand by the experts in particular field.
Do Not Use One Word More Than Necessary
It should be brief. In a report, a researcher uses too many words on motive. It brings a fancy phrase that may draw attention to the reports. The consequences will be, the reports will be out of the topic. The report should be in the content of what they are going to tell the audiences. Something need to be done with their grammar and vocabulary.
Vary Sentences Type and Length
By using a vary sentences type of length, the reports will be more attractive as it gives an enjoyable pace of readings. Psychology reports sometimes plays with high sensitive, scare, secret, and thrill issues. Readers must be allowed to “breath” when they are eager to know that kind of reports. Some information or ideas in psychology reports may extremely shock the readers. Their mind should be calmer when absorbing the reality of the results of the psychology analysis. Keeping their reading speed towards the reports is the best way to acknowledge them.
Pay Attention to Nouns and Verbs
In a reports, nouns and verbs is the most strongest words. Psychology reports should implement an accurate adjective or adverb because psychology is the study of human behavior. The observer will use verb and noun to explain what had been observe in specific situation. In reports where they need to describe the situation, failure of using an accurate verb and noun will bring their reports unclear. Even worse, readers will misjudge the situation and assuming that the psychiatrist failed to explain the situation same as their interpretation about the situation.
AN OVERALL PROCESS
Reports needs to be organized properly in advance before translated it onto a piece of paper or type it on the keyboard’s surfaces. Planning makes perfect. Without those below steps, a report seems to be unorganized, messy, and unattractive. This situation leads to the boredom, jaded and passive response from the readers.
Cicarelli and Noland (2009) stating 8 steps in order for practitioner to write a complete paper work.
Choosing a Topic
Wide topic indicates an improper paperwork. Choosing a suitable narrowest topic, in psychology case, specific situation of human behavior will primarily attract the audience who experienced the same situation. This is more effective rather than choosing a topic or situation that is widely known by the others. By selecting a reasonable time, space or surroundings, it may help the psychiatrist to be more specific in their research.
For example, the topic of “Focusing on a Task given during at Home” is most specific rather than “Focusing on a Task Given”. This headline of the research may be more benefited as different people tend to select their most comfortable places when doing their task. Either at home, or other places, let themselves to choose. Or, psychiatrist may implement their expertise to explain the most efficient time for a public to focus on their task at home. Some people are very fussy with their time management approaches.
Do the Research
The most vital part after choosing a topic will be this portion. An expansion of information sources will give the researchers wider opinion towards same situation. An encyclopedia, books, internet, survey, interviews, statistics, and other resources will strengthen their reports afterwards. As a matter of fact, there is a massive information which had been uploaded into the internet (Rahmat:2008). All researchers have to do, is selecting what they wanted from it.
Take Note
Cicarelli and Noland (2009) suggest their readers to make a note cards. References can be written on the other surfaces of the cards to make us easier during scripting our reports. Some people tend to use separate cards to record both information and the sources. It depends to researchers to determine which one they are going to used. An attention should be highlighted that the most common style for psychology reports will be an APA (American Psychological Association) styles.
Decide on Thesis
This section had been explained before in “The Purpose of Reports”. Thesis may defined as the primary target of the goal of the reports. It may become either informative or persuasive. Sometimes, it works together when psychiatrist tend to achieve the four goals of psychology which is described, explain, predict and control.
Writing an Outline
In other words, it is called a framework. Others define it as a “road map” of how the reports will be present. It is just like when we see at the “Contents” page of the book. An author divides their information into a various chapters, topics, subtopics with intention to organize all the data into most understandable figure. Researchers also use the same method when they describing, explaining, predicting and controlling the human behavior.
Write a First Draft
Plagiarizing is copying information from sources without stating that it is a quotation but instead letting it seems as if it is something that you wrote yourself (Cicarelli, Noland:2009). All students or psychiatrist need to do is trying to create and build up their own sentences to define the particular ideas that they gain from their research.
Let it Sit
The process of rechecking the reports will be easier when using this method. “Sit” here, means ignored it for a few days without touch it. This method allowed writers to incubate their ideas. Incubates refers to giving your ideas time to grow and develop (Rahmat:2008). It works when students, psychiatrist, and researchers may experience something else that has a connection with your progressing reports. Some parts may explain better, replace and edited by them.
Write a Revised Draft
Checking the citation is the last part in writing reports. This is to avoid any claim of plagiarizing from the instructor or lecturer. For a psychiatrist, they also will not be blame on copying others works when the reports fully published to the public.
References
1. Jim Sharp. (2004). Media, Culture and Communication : Report Writing retrieved on 6th February 2009 at http://mcs.qmuc.ac.uk/Reportwriting.htm
2. Rahmat Ghazali.(2008).Thinking and Writing Strategies. Shah Alam : UPENA
3. Cicarelli, S.K & White, N. J. (2009). Psychology. 2nd Edition. London : Prentice Hall.
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